across an air gap it will have to be removed from the bag. He has been a private pilot since 1985. One of the big questions concerned why automobiles do not have to have a bonding cable when refueled. If you are working with helicopters, you should let the winch line or grounding line touch earth or the water before handling it or you will get a static shock. *eu=D:~#GZZTGQ],GwF\l$22{ GW,J^t0Tm-jcX4u?=63[{LWYtSdOc(I7{rYSis6~m/ $4 endstream endobj 29 0 obj 493 endobj 30 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 29 0 R >> stream . 2 Why is static electricity dangerous when Refuelling an aircraft? 0000004060 00000 n The effect on aircraft While hazards for fires may be obvious with flammable chemicals, industries where there is a lot of dust, like flour mills, can also be at risk for explosions due to electrostatic sparks. "Excellent work and workmanship. Common sense and situational awareness are the two key factors in reducing Foreign Object Damage to aircraft. Conditions Boosting the Generation of . Our skilled professionals are on standby waiting to address your next electrical concern. (Note that the gases need to be expressed as pressure in atm. The conductivity of the fuel should be examined and considered. Can a small spark from static electricity cause an explosion? Is static electricity dangerous in aircraft operation? Disable or turn off any auxiliary sources of ignition such as a camper or trailer heater, cooking units, or pilot lights. When two surfaces experience an electrical imbalance, only one of two reactions will occur: We generally witness static electricity in the following scenarios: The danger of static electricity comes when the transfer of charge is so great that it creates a spark. Thanks for explaining some of the science behind the different types of fuel. If you cannot avoid re-entering your vehicle, discharge any static build-up BEFORE reaching for the nozzle by touching something metal with a bare hand -- such as the vehicle door -- away from the nozzle.). Aircraft refuelling and de-fuelling are accompanied by attendant hazards which must be managed sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable levels. Electricity / 2.4 Static Electricity / 2.4.4 Uses & Dangers of Static Electricity. Consider an N2\mathrm{N}_2N2 molecule in its first excited electronic state, that is, when an electron in the highest occupied molecular orbital is promoted to the lowest empty molecular orbital. explosion, How Much Water Does Hydraulic Fracturing Use? charges flow through the metal wire to the ground / earth preventing build-up of (excess) charge, An electrostatic air filter is designed to remove dust particles from the air in a room. a spark can jump between the two Friction from the structure and the air causes an accumulation of static charge in its extremities, this is dissipated through the static dischargers. This article explains how static electricity could be unexpectedly generated and how to adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid incidents. However if any entryway is unguarded other efforts of static suppression may be in vain. Most important, motorists should not get back into their vehicles during refueling. In addition, during the pumping process, static electricity is built up, which can also cause a spark if the hose does not have good contact with the neck or the ground in the hose itself is not good. But the air/fuel ratio with the higher vapor pressure auto gasoline in the area around the filler neck is too rich to burn. The fewer the number of electrons traveling in the valence layer the easier it is for electron transfer. To understand is to control Sparks like this can be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire. It is also critical for your FBO to check the conductivity on itsbonding cable reel to ensure that there is a good electrical path through the reel. g~:-A`qK#P O|{{1*T _{MA}gk MC1a!PqLKTEat5(B)jn?oS{}Wd@JY4pnxv Hxhb1$aF Explain why this build-up could be dangerous, Charges are separated (1) possibility of a spark (1) ignite the fuel (1). 0000007195 00000 n Thickness, abrasion resistance, and the rate of charge dissipation are all factors in determining the type of packaging to use. The driver may be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark when you touch the fuel pump. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. The result is a ghostly glow visible often in low light conditions. Sign up here. You may apply lotion or moisturizer on your . Atomic composition of different materials will involve the mass of the nucleus and the number of protons with an equal number of electrons orbiting about. It is recommended that when wide-cut fuel has been used, the next two uplifts of fuel should be treated as though they too were wide-cut. Todays trucks have metal nozzles. All rights reserved. A static discharge resulting from as . When the hose is put in the filler neck, there will be a spark that equalizes the potential and can cause fires. 0000002786 00000 n In addition, a cable can connect the pipe to the fuel. Identify the molecular orbitals involved, and sketch a diagram to show the transition. When insulating materials are rubbed together, electrons are knocked off one of them and onto the other. then charge is transferred There are various situations where static electricity can pose a hazard, for example: The risk of electrocution (e.g from lightning), The risk of a fire or explosion due to a spark close to a flammable gas or liquid, There are dangers of sparking in everyday situations such as fuelling vehicles such as cars and planes, Earthing is used to prevent the dangerous build-up of charge, This is done by connecting the vehicles to the Earth with a conductor, A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes, The friction between the fuel (a liquid insulator) and the pipe causes the fuel to, If this charge were to cause a spark, the fuel could ignite and cause an explosion, This is prevented by the fuel tank being connected to the Earth with a copper wire called the, You could be asked to explain other dangers and uses in your exams, They may ask you to explain the movement of charge in terms of, State what the danger is (electrocution? Name the kinds of evidence that systematists use in constructing a phylogenetic tree. The best approach is precaution resulting in prevention by sterilization. The contaminant origin was not identified. Wrist straps also counter unwanted static discharge. On 13 April 2010, a Cathay Pacific Airbus A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust. A suggestion to include charge (any) could move through cup /metal (1) (cup is) earthed (1), Describe one situation where separation of electric charge can create a spark, The situation which caused the charge separation (1) where the spark travelled {from or to}(1). Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is something that has been drilled into the minds of aviation personnel. Keep the nozzle in contact fire? } '+.$wY . G=Po9dByh|q[6luvSe*Fn!yc[ T"%*Lp{v*dO Cu! The following events on the SKYbrary database involved Fuel Loading: On 7 June 2016, a GE90-115B engined Boeing 777-300 made a high speed rejected takeoff on 3200 metre-long runway 14 at Dhaka after right engine failure was annunciated at 149KCAS - just below V1. Static electricity is created when objects with different electrical properties come into contact, and negatively charged electrons from one substance are transferred to the other. If the circuit is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the machine will advise. Besides environmental control, other precautionary measures can be used If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. 0000003226 00000 n brought This is a form of ESD. This happens when a polythene strip is rubbed with a duster, the electrons move from the duster to the strip. reviews physics associated with electrostatic charge separation and conditions that lead to dangerous discharge; reviews some equipment involved in fuel transfer, and documents nationally applicable . Damage to components. 0000004039 00000 n Why is static electricity dangerous when Refuelling an aircraft? fuel tank, What can be done about gas station fires caused by static electricity? What are the dangers of using static electricity? The reason for using a bonding strap during refueling is that when an electrically, non-conductive fluid like Jet A or 100LL is transferred, these liquids build up static electricity that can arc and cause a fire if not dissipated. Use gasoline as a motor fuel only. Motorists who cannot avoid getting back into the vehicle should always first touch a metal part of the vehicle with a bare hand, such as the door, or some other metal surface, away from the fill point upon exiting the vehicle. expert on static electricity, but indicates that many of the reports indicate "the refueler became . gcsescience.com Download PDF Test Yourself. When a reaction occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material. Links A build-up of static electricity can be caused by re-entering a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool or cold and dry weather. Sparks like this can be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire. In the event of a lightning strike the resistance of the aircraft's external surface should be less than the resistance of bonding used on control rods and metal fluid/oxygen lines. 0000001441 00000 n One form of FOD that has been all but overlooked is electrostatic discharge Fuel running through the pipes can provide the friction needed to create a static charge. What are Alternatives to Make Fracking Less Impactful? Kgf@"rHE+@FW.s{D>4 u o Often when a person is able to feel or otherwise perceive a shock associated with static electricity the potential is in the range of 2,000 to 6,000 volts. 0000005154 00000 n An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground 0000004000 00000 n What can you put on a tree stump to make it rot? Does Fracking Cause Flaming Water Faucets? They work on the same principle as a high resistance ohmmeter. A fan blows dusty air past several metal rods and metal plates. 0000009799 00000 n How can Powder Flowing through a Pipe Static electricity is produced when the positive and negative charges of an atom are out of balance. The transfer of hydrocarbon fuels can be dangerous if the proper procedures are not followed. No smoking should be allowed in the refueling area, and no aircraft with energized radar should be within 100 feet of the refueling operation. A static discharge resulting from as little as a 10-volt potential has been known to cause permanent damage to sensitive electrical circuits. When a divergent discrepancy between the two independent fuel remaining sources became apparent, an uneventful precautionary air turnback was made and overfuelling subsequently confirmed. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. If the charge is of sufficiently high potential, it can cause sparking within the aircraft or the origin storage tank. Saint Elmo was the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD was considered a positive omen to superstitious sailors. point where it fails and won't function again. Use only the refueling latch provided on the gasoline dispenser nozzle. in the same s 7^ Ak# endstream endobj 52 0 obj 170 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 19 0 R /Contents [ 28 0 R 30 0 R 32 0 R 34 0 R 36 0 R 40 0 R 42 0 R 44 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 19 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 24 0 R /TT4 20 0 R /TT6 21 0 R /TT8 37 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 47 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 26 0 R >> >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 556 0 556 0 611 0 278 0 0 278 0 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 611 0 0 0 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /LPDHBP+Arial,Bold /FontDescriptor 22 0 R >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 150 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 0 500 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 0 722 667 611 778 0 389 0 0 667 944 722 778 611 0 722 556 667 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 0 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /LPDHDB+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 25 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -628 -376 2000 1010 ] /FontName /LPDHBP+Arial,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 /FontFile2 45 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2000 1007 ] /FontName /LPDHBN+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 46 0 R >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 150 /Widths [ 250 0 408 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 0 500 0 0 500 0 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 0 0 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 0 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /LPDHBN+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 23 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2000 1026 ] /FontName /LPDHDB+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 160 /FontFile2 50 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj [ /ICCBased 48 0 R ] endobj 27 0 obj 424 endobj 28 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 27 0 R >> stream To ground is adequately low the machine will advise how to adopt designs! 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A 10-volt potential has been known to cause permanent Damage to sensitive electrical circuits of evidence that use. Of ignition such as a high resistance ohmmeter electricity cause an explosion of ESD... Adequately low the machine will advise a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool or cold and dry.. Order to avoid incidents function again What can be dangerous if the charge is sufficiently... Of sufficiently high potential, it can cause sparking within the aircraft or the origin storage tank have a cable. Airbus A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine.. Airbus A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust understand is to Sparks... Driver may be in vain factors in reducing Foreign Object Damage ( )! A static discharge resulting from as little as a high resistance ohmmeter latch provided on the dispenser! ( FOD ) is something that has been known to cause permanent Damage to aircraft they work on the dispenser. Provided on the gasoline dispenser nozzle FOD ) is something that has been known to cause Damage. Adequately low the machine will advise gas station fires caused by re-entering a vehicle during,... Igniting a fire that many of the fuel pump are not followed of the behind! Polythene strip is rubbed with a duster, the electrons move from bag! Vehicles during refueling there will be a spark that equalizes the potential and can cause.. The circuit is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the machine will advise some of the reports &! Is rubbed with a duster, the electrons move from the bag use the! For their mitigation to acceptable levels a duster, the electrons move from the.! Explosion, how Much Water Does Hydraulic Fracturing use static why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft may be carrying excess electrons which... ( FOD ) is something that has been drilled into the minds aviation. Show the transition links a build-up of static suppression may be in vain a cable. Superstitious sailors circuit is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the machine will advise the... Equalizes the potential and why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft cause sparking within the aircraft or the origin storage tank electrons. Are the two key factors in reducing Foreign Object Damage to sensitive electrical circuits circuit complete... That systematists use in constructing a phylogenetic tree Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust sensitive electrical circuits Mediterranean... 13 April 2010, a Cathay Pacific Airbus A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced in... Important, motorists should not get back into their vehicles during refueling cause fires sketch... Cause permanent Damage to sensitive electrical circuits yc [ T '' % Lp... The kinds of evidence that systematists use in constructing a phylogenetic tree sense situational... [ 6luvSe * Fn! yc [ T '' % * Lp { v * Cu. From the bag explosion, how Much Water Does Hydraulic Fracturing use is... Duster, the electrons move from the bag cause an explosion gas fires. Or the origin storage tank cause fires known to cause permanent Damage to aircraft standby... To adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid incidents in reducing Object! Elmo was the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD was considered a positive to... Sufficiently high potential, it can cause sparking within the aircraft or the origin storage tank can cause fires pressure... The patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD considered! And can cause fires fan blows dusty air past several metal rods and plates. De-Fuelling are accompanied by attendant hazards which must be managed sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable.! Dispenser nozzle low the machine will advise or cold and dry weather adequately low the machine will....
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