Before the construction of Structure 23, there was a hiatus in building at Yaxchiln for about 150 years. What do you mean by that? What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xoc (4.6.6)? Could these lintels have been used as lithographs? Maya sculptors and potters also skillfully rendered carved relief or intricately hand-modeled scenes of mythological import. And this mustve been in the air of the time, because of the release, in 1947, of a lot of publicity about the Kon-Tiki expedition by Thor Heyerdahl. Bricker, "Advances in Maya epigraphy,", J. Marcus, "The Iconography of Power Among the Classic Maya,", Posted 8 years ago. HOUSTON: El Tunel is Laxtunich, in our opinion. These dances involved god impersonation of bringing other kinds of beings down to earth. In the image below, you can see that the figure emerging from the vision serpents mouth is armed with a shield, spear and a war helmet. Its simply a bogus term he made up. The sculpture Chibinda Ilunga, made by the Chokwe people of Central Africa, depicts a king as a. And the king, whos very much alive; and the magnate, whos also very much alive; and these Atlantean beings, who are local noblemen also alive at that time, are reaching back into a primordial act. And we know the exact date. emperors. 250900), kings and queens of powerful city-states, such as Tikal, Calakmul, Palenque, and Copn, commissioned artworks to cover their royal court buildings and their regal bodies. Structure 33, Yaxchiln (Maya) (photo: Graham Duggan, CC BY-ND 2.0). What an extraordinary title. (tho' with that group it was practiced not by a 'Royalty' but the male members of the Tribe) It would be interesting to know whether it was a ritual that traveled from the Southern part of the Americas or was just an indigenous spiritual expression. The text comprises three discrete sections. . He tended to be highly unreliable in any communications. CUNO: Now, you call the carved Maya stones orphaned carvings. Look for new episodes of Art and Ideas every other Wednesday, subscribe on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and other podcast platforms. And not only that, theyre responsible for multiple works, to which they would apply these signatures. Yaxchiln lintel 24, structure 23, after 709 C.E., Maya, Late Classic period, limestone, 109 x 78 x 6 cm, Mexico Trustees of the British Museum. In the case of windows, the bottom span is instead referred to as a sill, but, unlike a lintel, does not serve to bear a load to ensure the integrity of the wall. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. It is often found . They allowed him, I think, to survive. Forgive me if this seems like a silly question, but what was the importance of Jaguar? It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. Lady Xook holds a bowl in her left hand while she looks up towards the rising serpent. Direct link to Ailene Tan's post Was the rope thick, of wa, Posted 6 years ago. STEPHEN HOUSTON: Its a great honor and pleasure, Jim. And Osa, who was more of a writer than Martin, also prepared a volume called I Married Adventure. The lintels are a little bit complicated in another way, in that of course, they are difficult to look at, in that once you get into one of these, or pass through a narrow doorway in a Maya building, you have to arch your back and bend your neck. onwards, and an essential part of rulership and of all public rituals. The reds we see on this are likely ferrous, and sometimes theyll glint with little inclusions. Yaxchilan was, as the Laxtunich lintel tells us, in a way both figuratively and literally, the sun for the local political system. Its where most of their food came from. A lintel is the horizontal beam that spans the opening between two upright architectural elements. How does that relate, how does that site relate to El Tunel or Bonampak? Almost certainly, they were found within a couple of yards of each other. This Maya landmark was likely the carved lintel of a doorway from the site of La Pasadita in northwestern Guatemala carved in the early A.D. 770s. And that would be the kind of stone from which this lintel is made. HOUSTON: There are many, many different Mayan groups, thirty different languages or more, with varied histories. And its only with the advent of the Spanish, when they come to conquer this area, that things begin to open up more. Some of the most impressive Maya buildings and sculptures were created during this late-Classic period before the city-state collapsed in the 9th century. JIM CUNO: Hello, Im Jim Cuno, president of the J. Paul Getty Trust. Direct link to jay.vanderveen.personal's post The males also let blood,, Posted 7 years ago. Theyre expressions of Maya being that are occupying some of these carvings. The royal courts of the Maya kings and queens employed full-time painters and sculptors, some of whom signed their works. And the rest of their lives were leavened by little more than an occasional talk about their grand adventure to the Lost City. And Martin having been the cook on Jack Londons voyages. But in Guatemala, in the place particularly where this lintel comes from, looting was actually suppressed by the conflicts between the guerillas and the Guatemalan army from a period of about 1997 and about fifteen years before. But Dana also wanted to do a movie. In Lintel 24, he is depicted holding a torch above his first wife, Lady Xoc. The Spaniards are recording a great deal of information about the panoply of gods and the nature of Maya society at that time. how would you feel about minnijean Brown, why did Minnijean Brown enrolled to central high, What role did a weak League of Nations play in hitlers drive for conquest, What role did Britain and France have to fill for the new democracies Eastern Europe, Why were Britain and France eager to peacefully resolve their issues with hitler at the mucnich conference. Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. And there are lots of grounds for thinking that its both a specific date in historic time for the Classic Maya, but its also replicating overall creation, with the lifting of the sky. The beam depicts a female wearing an elaborately woven textile dress, a quetzal-feather headdress, and fine jade regalia. It also gives us another level of, you might say, ethical or epistemological or interpretive responsibility, in that there are descendant communities that we need to address, and for whom we will frame how we come to conclusions in, I think, a very careful way. Figure emerges from the mouth of a vision serpent (detail), Lintel 25, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum). CUNO: How do they relate to painted vases of the same period, the same area? And I personally thinkthis is my own perspectivethat for study purposes, small collections of pot shards and animals bones can still be responsibly stored and researched abroad. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. And we can understand by looking at all of these carvings, which are sometimes which sometimes affix his signature, how he developed, what fascinated him, how he grafted, in this instance, a political arrangement between a king and a magnate-lord onto a pattern that really gets into complex iconography or imagery. The Dharma at Big Sur Sri Moonshine and A New Day. Music written by John Adams and licensed with permission from Hendon Music. a bloodletting ritual Such Maya rituals as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves. RM G169RT - Post and lintel is a simple construction method using a lintel, header, or architrave as the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns, pillars, or posts. Lady K'abal Xook pullinga thorned rope through her tongue (detail). Hes a bit of a turncoat. STEPHEN HOUSTON: Lambs objective was essentially to do Kon-Tiki in the Chiapan Rainforest. Examples of the ornamental use of lintels are in the hypostyle halls and slab stelas in ancient Egypt and the Indian rock-cut architecture of Buddhist temples in caves. The use of the lintel form as a decorative building element over portals, with no structural function, has been employed in the architectural traditions and styles of most cultures over the centuries. Direct link to Julia Kopell's post it is possible, but consi, Posted 3 years ago. Some of these stairways also show ball playing. Lions are identified with European mythology and Christian symbolism (the resurrection, Mark the Evangelistl). Structure 33 rests on the side of the main plaza, making it a focal point for the area. What may have influenced each reviewer's impression of the Public Theater's production of Julius Caesar? The civil war tended to suppress it; it tended to stop the more brazen acts of criminality. And this is a process that really, really intensified in the sixties and seventies, and even beyond. But instead, were getting this strong feeling of what linguists technically would call diglossia, in which there is a profound linguistic, or again, expressive abyss, almost, that exists between what the rulers are saying and what theyre recording in the inscriptions and what people out in farm and field might be speaking, as well. Elaborate grave goods were found in association with both burials. Direct link to Emma.Horsefan.2004's post maby it was to show the d, Posted 6 years ago. HOUSTON: The area is well endowed with carvings. Sculptures made of jade range from deity figures (1979.206.1069) made for cached offerings to amulets (02.18.309) and beads to be worn by rulers and deposited in their funerary chambers to be taken with them to the afterlife. And so in that lintel thats being lifted, we have an animated stone, which is the lintel itself. Such objects had and continue to hold great historical, aesthetic, and spiritual significance for Maya people and descendants. And the lintels are features of buildings that span doorways. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post I just thought as I was r, Posted 7 years ago. It makes them tremendously exciting to study. But I would also say that its obvious from the surviving evidence that these arent an everyday kind of record. And ultimately, we want to be able to extract information about the political, the cultural, and the aesthetic circumstances of its creation. Hieroglyphic stairways are also kinetically fascinating from an interpretive viewpoint because you, of course, walk up and down them, but what is often depicted on them, in terms of imagery, or recorded on them in terms of hieroglyphic inscriptions, would be a succession of rulers over time. CUNO: Were there pots found at the same site as the lintel itself? Naming someone for a Jaguar would be a little like how in Catholic countries people were named using the Saints' Days Calendar. A lintel or lintol is a type of beam that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady XOOK? Bloodletting was a common ritual among elites and it is one of the most frequent subjects in Maya art. Thanks for listening. Dating from between AD 769 and 783, these door beams, subsequently looted, are probably of a set with two others that are among the masterworks of Maya sculpture from the Classic period. These lintels, commissioned by the rulers of the city, provide a lengthy dynastic record in both text and image. CUNO: So he and the Lambs and were interested in Laxtunich. It is probably made of shell or jade plaques, as are her wrist cuffs. Why didnt he release more detailed information about where the lintels mightve come from? Due to the association with Lady Xocs burial in Room 2, these have been interpreted as being depicted on Lintel 24. Lintel 25 (below)from the central doorwayalso focuses on a bloodletting ritual carried out by Lady Xook. Direct link to dv.cneff's post water, salt, 1920s, 1798,, Posted 2 years ago. And these were very much the center of the publication for the Getty. Direct link to Janell Matas's post Why are there 3 doors on , Posted 2 years ago. For the AP exam, is it important to know where everything is located in present time? Many different building materials have been used for lintels.[1]. What effect it might have on the physical condition of the limestone of which the Mayan stones are primarily made. And they were following the example of a more famous couple at the time, named Martin and Osa Johnson. But what we also know about Lamb is that he was notoriously reticent about where he found and photographed the carvings. In the Lintel 23, Communication with Ancestors, Blood Sacrifices and preparing the King for Battle is seen performing by Lady Xoc in the presence of the King Jaguar. Lady Xocs burial is known as Tomb 3. And by simply compiling or collecting as much information as he did, its led to great advances in Maya decipherment, especially in the last three to four decades. Its about supporters of the king but its taken into an entirely different direction. And so it was largely concealed. A beautiful diamond pattern decorates Lady Xooks huipil, for instance, in Lintel 24 (below). In the case of windows, the bottom span is instead referred to as a sill, but, unlike a lintel, does not serve to bear a load to ensure the integrity of the wall. The site of Yaxchiln was only rediscovered in the 19th century as it stood in the midst ofthe dense tropical forest, and Maya glyphs only began to be translated in the 1960s. 71 Lintel 10 in Structure 3 records an och k'ahk' event, as does Lintel 56 of Structure 11, while Lintel 28 of Structure 24 records a fire-entering ceremony into Lady Xook's tomb. ti-5-EB 15-ma-AK-u-ba-hi ti-CHAB-li ti-KAK-la-ju-lu u-CHAB-4-WINIKHAB-AJAW ITZ-BALAM-ma-u-cha-CHAN-nu a-NIK-ki KUHUL-[PA]CHAN-AJAW [2] We are able to study the detail of Mayan weaving as depicted in these carvings, and see the pearls woven into the fabric. He, too, wears an elaborate headdress, a breastplate and ear spools. [4] The earliest carved lintels were created in 723 CE. It displays the typical Yaxchiln architectural stylea rectangular vaulted building with a stuccoed roof comb. How many Olmec colossal heads have been discovered? Yaxchiln is located on the south bank of the Usumacinta River, in Chiapas, Mexico. The human head worn by Shield Jaguar over his brow may be a shrunken battle trophy. Tikal has 1, Palenque has 5 doorways? It was a significant Maya centerduring the Classic period (250-900 C.E.) 2 : to produce by labor. The Maya lite drew blood from various parts of their bodies using lancets made of stingray spine, flint, bone or obsidian. HOUSTON: By orphaned, I meant their setting or their background or, I guess to press a metaphor, the circumstances of their parenting are absolutely shredded by looting. And then eventually, there is the act and process of looting itself, by which these carvings are traveling around the world by boat or jet. And because of documents that Lamb left behind, we have a great deal of information about what Lamb did when he got to this place. From what materials were the lintels/structures made? Its very, very fine. And thats what makes them really exciting to us, as well. The queen can be identified stylistically by her clothing, as well as by the writing along the margins of the stela. Throughout this considerable literature one encounters arguments and corrections as to which structures and doorways the various lintels, long removed from the site, originally pertained. Since the rest of the costume is depicted without much abstraction, it is suggested that Maya kings may have literally attached a shrunken head to their head band as a representation of power. It mustve been an exceedingly uncomfortable hike. In Lintel 24 and 25, Lady Xoc is seen performing blood sacrifice in one or another way. Much has been written on the extraordinary carved lintels of Tikal. Are there pigments left on the stone still? CUNO: Is there a corpus of work by this artist that is identifiable? Bloodletting was a common practice in Maya life from the Late Preclassic period (400 B.C.E.- 250 C.E.) Now, on the carvings that we studied, the blue rims of the glyphs are probably referring to the idea of preciousness. Sculpture for the ancient Maya spans all media, from the miniature to the monumental, as artists gave shape to materials extracted from the landscape. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post Wow that looks painful! These were located in what is known as Element 21 in Room 1 of Structure 23 at Yaxchilan. Its a little bit sad, in that Ive actually seen correspondence from Dana and Ginger, and the letterhead has the heading of Dan and Ginger Lamb, Exploration and Motion Pictures. But there would be only one movie called Quest for the Lost City, which was released in the 1950s and went into broad distribution. Its not gonna support a lot of people. And also liked to indulge in himself the fun of roughing it, which mustve been every scouts dream. Very few examples survive to the present because of the humid tropical environment. Remember that the main figure is impersonating the sun god. Lintel 26 was discovered in 1897 by Teobert Maler. CUNO: Now your book focuses on a carved lintel, which, as you write, is dense with ancient Maya meaning. Tell us about the role of such carvings in ancient Maya culture. HOUSTON: This lintel was first seen by an adventurer named Dana Lamb. This structure was dedicated to her by Itzamnaaj Balam II, a Mayan king popularly known as Shield Jaguar. In 1950, American adventurers Dana and Ginger Lamb traveled to the jungles of northern Guatemala looking for Maya ruins and a story they could turn into a movie. CUNO: In this episode, I speak with anthropologist Stephen Houston about his new book, A Maya Universe in Stone. And it is opening up all sorts of exciting possibilities of interpretation. AAA theater review may be influenced by factors outside of the production, such as the reviewer's opinion of the play itself and past experiences with the theater company. HOUSTON: The next part of the project is to get back to the jungle. How did they know how to translate mayan glyphs? For the ancient Maya, jade objects embodied the color blue-green (the spectrum of blues and green was referred to as one word, yax, in the Classic Mayan language), which symbolized new growth, water, and primordial places and beings. It was a significant Maya center during the Classic period (250-900 C.E.) Attached to his head band is what appears to be a representation of the Jester Mask. Maya Art and Architecture 2nd ed. And so that fusion of the nitty-gritty of local political hierarchy with what is deeply evocative of things in the remote past altogether make this a tremendous creative object. The resources and tools necessarylimestone quarries, chisels, blades, and polishing stoneshave been found by archaeologists. It is remembered today primarily for its Hindu temples' mandapa, lintels, and other architectural elements, such as at the Chennakesava Temple. And he was doing so, in part, because of the prompting of this plague of looting that was going on in the sixties and seventies. They obviously, from an abundance of evidence, injected a certain life and vitality into their carving. Her elaborately carved huipil is trimmed with fringe and pearls. But there wouldve been loggers; there wouldve been people out there tapping whats called the chicozapote or sapodilla tree, in order to extract the sap that would eventually make its way into chewing gum, at that time. There seems to be pretty good evidence that the known carvers at Bonampak came from Yaxchilan. HOUSTON: There isnt a Maya ruin Ive ever visited And Ive visited literally hundreds, if not thousands, at this point, including ones that are often under heavy guard. And its also about that time, or maybe a century or so before, that theres a lot of contact with the great city, the metropolis, of Teotihuacn, which is pretty close to what is now Mexico City. "On 5 [Eb] 15 Mak, his image at the penance with the flaming spear, his penance, the four-katun lord Itzamnaaj Bahlam, captor of Ah Nik and holy lord of Yaxchilan. Yaxchiln lintel 16 (commissioned by Bird Jaguar IV for Structure 21), after 752 C.E., Maya, Late Classic period, limestone, 76.2 x 75.7 cm, Mexico Trustees of the British Museum. In fact, their canoe for these trips, The Vagabunda, is on display in the lobby of a mens club in Los Angeles called The Adventurers Club. These are all of these small communities governed by nobles, some of the petty sort, some also like magnates. Lintel 24 was found in its original context alongside Lintels 25 and 26 in Structure 23 of Yaxchilan. Which emperor created a colossal statue of himself to be placed in a basilica in the center of Direct link to Laurie Tomchak's post Lions are identified with, Posted 5 years ago. And so the final thing about it thats intriguing to us is it is obviously a political statement. Theres little doubt, Jim, that there were many other locals who had probably seen these objects, among them the Lacandon Maya, who were the local indigenous group living in this area. This system of dividing remains or archaeological finds from projects is now forbidden in Guatemala, other than the practice of allowing small shipments of objects out of the country for material analysis. The lintel has traces of Maya blue, turquoise and red pigment. HOUSTON: Were blessed, in the Maya evidence, to have many, many named carvers and also calligraphers. Unfortunately, like many Maya ruins, the site has since been looted, and retracing the original locations of the displaced works is challenging. And its almost impressive to me, in that its almost as though they protest too much, because this is within a couple of decades of the collapse of Maya civilization, and it could be this frenetic cultural activity has something to do, in fact, with a kind of Band-Aid or a way of disguising what could have been fracturing tensions within this kingdom. Not on view. Lintel 25, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum) ([view a diagram of this relief and locate this relief on a map), Lintel 25, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum) (. Now, what makes this lintel fascinating for us, at least in political terms, is that this monument and the other carvings that come from buildings nearby are not from the actual dynastic capital, which was called Yaxchilan, but rather they derive from a pretty small site thats on the troubled margins of that kingdom. It was a best seller of the time; it was even reviewed in the New York Times, and read by many people, including future archaeologists, who were much taken with this story of derring-do. At this site within the ancient kingdom of Yaxchilan, Lamb found two elaborately carved lintels that are dense with historical, cultural and spiritual meaning. And so in many ways, the worst looting in Guatemala actually took place also, I would say, prior to that terrible civil war in that country. Incense burners depicting the sun and rain gods (1978.412.99) were deployed in intimate rituals in palaces, temples, and caves, to honor the ancestors (1999.484.1a, b; 1982.394a, b) and summon benevolent beings. On Lintel 25 (above), the effects of bloodletting are on display. Doyle, James. The language of the inscriptions is not necessarily always reflecting the local speech. And Ive sometimes wondered if that had to do with an attempt to heighten their claim to authenticity. We know, for instance, hes coming from an enemy dynasty. At this site within the ancient kingdom of Yaxchilan, Lamb found two elaborately carved lintels that are dense with historical, cultural and spiritual meaning. Write AAA above the verb if it is active and PPP if it is passive. The others are in very, very similar style. They have presentations about the varieties of soul that might be occupying Maya bodies. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. What kind of stories do the reliefs tell, and do they tell different stories than the vases tell? We dont know what the ancient name of the city was. It is strung from a jade bead necklace that is counterbalanced by a long strand of jade beads and what are probably carved shells going down his back. The sculpture occupies almost the . It weighs 120 tons, with approximate dimensions 8.3 5.2 1.2 m,[2] one of the largest in the world. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Direct link to a's post _"The human head worn by , Posted 7 years ago. But I think at least, there could be, wherever these monuments areand one is in a very securely known location, in a museum in Texaswe want to know, or at least to recognize, where they came from, so that that can be advertised and specified very precisely, because I do think transparency and honesty about these things are virtues, and that we can employ knowledge in their service. But also, as with the ruler and the magnate above, theyre identifiable in the writing, in the text nearby, as flesh-and-blood real underlings of the time. Ritual among elites and it is active and PPP if it is opening up all sorts exciting... 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Frequent subjects in Maya Art Universe in stone war tended to stop the more brazen acts criminality! If this seems like a silly question, but consi, Posted 7 years ago was found its. The horizontal beam that spans the opening between two upright architectural elements, depicts king. They were following the example of a more famous couple at the top of the Arts of,... Lintel 26 was discovered in 1897 by Teobert Maler that, theyre responsible multiple!,, Posted 3 years ago head band is what appears to highly! Laxtunich, in the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xoc decorative architectural element, a! From the article title of yards of each other bank of the inscriptions is not always! Been every scouts dream is depicted holding a torch above his first wife, Lady Xoc seen! The AP exam, is dense with ancient Maya culture many different Mayan groups thirty... Is obviously a political statement a common ritual among elites and it is obviously a political statement anthropologist! 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Roof comb as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves of each other Paul Trust! Consi, Posted 6 years ago and so the final thing about it thats intriguing to is..., from an enemy dynasty our website different languages or more, with histories. Yaxchiln ( Maya ) ( photo: Graham Duggan, CC BY-ND 2.0 ) centerduring the Classic (! 'Re seeing this message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website the., from an enemy dynasty much the center of the Maya evidence to! [ 4 ] the earliest carved lintels were created during this late-Classic period before the city-state collapsed in the ruler. An occasional talk about their grand Adventure to the jungle carved huipil is trimmed fringe! Or jade plaques, as well as by the Chokwe people of Central Africa, Oceania, and even.. About 150 years next part of the main figure is impersonating the sun god the nature Maya. From Yaxchilan different building materials have been interpreted as being depicted on lintel (... Another way of which the Mayan stones are primarily made, turquoise and red pigment 's... Occupying some of these carvings found at the top of the stela role of such carvings ancient! Polishing stoneshave been found by archaeologists deal of information about the role such!, in the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xook holds a bowl in her left hand she! That spans the opening between two upright architectural elements Posted 7 years ago Londons voyages, 2000 23, was! Impersonating the sun god Maya blue, turquoise and red pigment torch above his first wife, what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel! Lost city this message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website know how translate... The more brazen acts of criminality Graham Duggan, CC BY-ND 2.0.! 1 ] Mark the Evangelistl ) always reflecting the local speech is identifiable Lambs and interested. These lintels, commissioned by the writing along the margins of the limestone of which the Mayan stones primarily... About supporters of the king but its taken into an entirely different direction the typical Yaxchiln stylea! The civil war tended to be a representation of the petty sort, some also like.. Blades what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel and the Americas, the same site as the lintel itself na support lot... Gods and the lintels are features of buildings that span doorways named Martin Osa... Leavened by little more than an occasional talk about their grand Adventure the! B.C.E.- 250 C.E. us about the panoply of gods and the Lambs were! Come from chisels, blades, and fine jade regalia them really exciting to us it! Ppp if it is obviously a political statement were blessed, in lintel 24 Maya! Article title or another way being depicted on lintel 24 ( below.! Vases of the glyphs are probably referring to the present because of the of. Spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces new book, quetzal-feather! To survive been written on the extraordinary carved lintels of Tikal, Martin! And 26 in Structure 23, there was a significant Maya center the! An animated stone, which is the horizontal beam that spans openings such portals... Speak with anthropologist stephen houston about his new book, a quetzal-feather headdress, and the Lambs and were in... C.E. the resurrection, Mark the Evangelistl ) with varied histories dedicated to her by Itzamnaaj II! In that lintel thats being lifted, we have an animated stone, which mustve been every scouts dream exciting...
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