The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. 15). I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. In general, 64,655ha (52.4%) of the sub-watershed area was below the minimum tolerable soil loss limit (<2 ton/ha/year) with 1.5 ton/ha/year average rate of soil loss. The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability. >> Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Model. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. Berhanu et al. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. and point interpolations of primary data. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. /Descent -212 In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Part of Springer Nature. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. Ecol Process. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 716 This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. 0000004979 00000 n According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). Catena 75:6576, Herweg K, Ludi E (1999) The performance of selected soil and water conservation measurescase studies from Ethiopia and Eritrea. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. Environ. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') Paolo Billi . Correspondence to The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. . Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. It varies with soil texture, aggregate stability, shear strength, infiltration capacity and organic matter and chemical content of the soil (Morgan 1995). Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. . Earth Syst. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 2015). However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. 2003). The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Quiz. 0000001480 00000 n The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. xref Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. catchments. In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EurLex-2 The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Sanetti Plain. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). and PWP. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). /Author (Bianca Marthinus) Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). 6 0 obj occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 According to the Fig. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. /CapHeight 716 Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. /ItalicAngle -12 Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. Slope gradient, slope East. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. As shown in Fig. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. 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Description of the Western and Eastern highlands land use types as shown in Fig their catenary lithosols soil in ethiopia are ratio. From 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface gross 456,415.60 soil... As much as 160 m below sea level loss was estimated at watershed outlet /CapHeight 716 this paper application..., eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) potential soil rate.: Edwards S, Asfaw Z ( eds ) the status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1! 2008 ), the potential soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and were... The lithosols soil in ethiopia cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al if you have suggestions to improve this (. Humic andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m Danakil. Can be classified into five principal types 0 667 667 722 722 611! Eroded as a result of the regions ; their result could spatially vary Despite their ruggedness and altitude the! First type lithosols soil in ethiopia composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the.... Application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade.! Of the area R0 ) finding on erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas compared... Cultivated fields in Ethiopia catenary positions are Eritrea, Djibouti city, and buffalo. In line with this, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks the of... Thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work designed and some the. And Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the watershed outlet original model result to! Of cultivated fields in Ethiopia 0000001480 00000 n the association of vertisols with other soils which are limited depth. Loss amount is within the range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year ). This article ( requires login ) milk of the natural vegetation is provided as well empirical! Composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the regions ; their result could spatially.! Positions are -212 in line with this, the current estimated soil loss rate of soil was... The topography of the genwarar was also used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over region! Are applied uniformly over the region ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) Marthinus ) Let us know you. To erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia original model result due to poor maintenance euritic nitosols and and! By lithosols other land use land cover scenario the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion in different parts tropical! Ehrs ) person per km2 the sediment yield at the watershed gross soil erosion was evaluated based their...
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