Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. The Americans were gravely outnumbered by the lurking enemy armada. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. United States Admiral in command of naval units on the Pacific Theatre in 1942. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. C. American Dream This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. The Americans lost 74 carrier planes; the Japanese 80. On June 14, while Mitscher led a diversionary attack on the Bonin Islands 800 miles to the north, U.S. Marines and infantrymen stormed ashore. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. But they expected it to come at the obvious and exposed outer fringe, and when we struck at the heart of the archipelago with a huge fleet that had approached undetected, we enjoyed complete tactical surprise. The American toll was 1,100 dead and almost 2,300 wounded. The Japanese had been overconfident, and the Americans taught them a bitter lesson. Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". Flagship of Kakuta. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. Admiral Ernest J. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Early in his career he was Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. Most of Nagumo's attack planes had just returned from the first strike on Midway and were immobilized on the carrier hangers, while his combat air patrol cover planes were engaged with battling torpedo bombers from Hornet. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletcher's actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. His chance would come. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. He's one of the finest officers I know of. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. But his service was not yet finished. Yamamoto himself was based on the battleship Yamato, which is the largest warship built to date. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. He held that post until the following February, when he was ordered back to the Naval War College at Newportthis time as president. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains: My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. Since the Japanese planes were returning from the Midway strike, Spruance ordered that his strike be launched without delay so as to maximize the chances that the Japanese carriers would be caught while landing planes or spotting the next wave. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. The Coral Sea fight was virtually a warm-up for the Battle of Midway, regarded later as the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in Aleutian islands campaign. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. They find and score 3 hits on the USS Yorktown, but also sustain heavy losses. 7 reviews. US Naval Task force under Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command. The first Japanese airstrike was followed by another. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. The US navy ended up winning the battle and historians consider this a major turning point in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Retribution was not long in coming. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. My mind is blank. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. For exceptionally meritorious service During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality., (Citation on Rear Admiral Spruances Navy Distinguished Service Medal, awarded for his conduct at the Battle of Midway). [14][15] For his actions at the battle of Midway Rear Admiral Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and cited as follows: "For exceptionally meritorious service as Task Force Commander, United States Pacific Fleet. 2015. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. It was a cool, clear day. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. In the footnote Morison says, Admiral Spruance, in commenting on the first draft of this volume, requested that I delete victor at and substitute who commanded a carrier task force at, butI have let it stand. Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. Raymond A. Spruance. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. He was the united states navy fleet admiral in the some of the The battle of Midway was one of the most decisive battle in th Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to i Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. Mitschers force pursued the Japanese fleet and engaged it the following day in the Philippine Sea, sinking the light carrier Hiyo and two oilers (in addition to which submarines Albacore and Cavalla had sunk Taiho and Shokaku the previous day). One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Admiral Nagumo. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. transmitted as a message) to Rear Admirals Frank Jack Fletcher and Raymond Spruance on the eve of the battle of Midway To quote a U S Navy website, "Nimitz clearly . The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. The Japanese felt that they had won the encounter. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. Advertisement Still have questions? Things did not look hopeful for Spruance and his force on the eve of Midway. Word of the sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he heard about it. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. Weeks later . From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. The Americans lost only 17 planes and no ships. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. He was promoted to captain in 1932, and the following year he was assigned as chief of staff and aide to the commander of a destroyer scouting force. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. He was modest and candid about himself. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. Then followed two years as assistant chief of staff to the commander of naval forces in Europe; a year of study at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I., where he completed the senior course; and two years of duty in the Office of Naval Intelligence. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. Launched the planes that were responsible for the sinking of nearly all 4 Japanese Carriers at Midway. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. The small Marine Corps garrison scrambled its handful of Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat and Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters, but they were too weak and slow to deter the Japanese. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II.He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. [2] He emerged from the war as one of the greater admirals in American naval history. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Meanwhile, Task Force 58 was busy in the forefront of clearing the Japanese from the 600-mile-long Marianas chain. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance. The U.S. Navy's decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan's hopes of neutralizing the United. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. He lived quietly at Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the age of 83. Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. Web. On December 30, 1914, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the daughter of an Indianapolis businessman. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. Was the site of a naval battle between the United States and Japan in 1942. After the enemys raids on Midway, Admiral Spruance ordered the launching of every possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese carriers. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. It was hit multiple times by aircraft from the IJN Hiryu and later torpedoed by a Japanese submarine before sinking. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. Capturing and occupying Midway was the brainchild-plan of commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. society in the 1950s? Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. Accepted a posting as president of the second detachment of the carrier.! 7 ], Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in fitting! Available at the naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall steady,... 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