Several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces. Appl. (2016). Bueno, M. M., Thys, R. C. S., and Rodrigues, R. C. (2016). Applications of Microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. Similar evidence was found in the Zagros Mountains of northern Mesopotamia, dating to 54005000 BC (McGovern et al., 1996). (2016). Biol. Macromol. Studies have also shown that live vaccines induce non-specific immunity, conferring protection beyond the target pathogen (e.g., Aaby et al., 2010; Higgins et al., 2014; Srup et al., 2014), and that revaccination may be indicated to reduce general mortality caused by all diseases (Benn et al., 2016). Neolithic resinated wine. Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review. Co-fermentation of C5 sugars with cane juice can produce up to 37% more ethanol in first-generation fermenters (Losordo et al., 2016). Meijnen, J.-P., Randazzo, P., Foulqui-Moreno, M. R., Brink, J. V. D., Vandecruys, P., Stojiljkovic, M., et al. Appl. Microbial biofabrication for nanomedicine: biomaterials, nanoparticles and beyond. The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). In addition, the technology for immobilization of these enzymes in prefabricated supports or polymer matrices improves their stability, activity, and selectivity, favoring their application and reuse for long periods in industrial reactors (Mateo et al., 2007; Sheldon, 2007). These data have also allowed the discovery of new or modified molecules used to obtain improved products, new products, or services. The viral vectors used for this purpose are attenuated to the host and are therefore intrinsically safe. Paris 250, 17271729. 2015;2015:816419. doi: 10.1155/2015/816419. (2016). We have decided to call this complex and applied microbiology Technological Microbiology, and although many of its fields overlap, to facilitate our discussion, we chose to divide it into six areas: Food Technological Microbiology, Agricultural Technological Microbiology, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, Environmental Technological 90, 5360. Bioluminescent E. coli have also been used to signal DNA damage, superoxide radical production, and membrane damage caused by potentially toxic liquids (Bharadwaj et al., 2017). (2010). AIMS Microbiol. 49, 7382. Wolbachia infection reduces blood-feeding success in the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. (2016). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd Edn. Med. Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) composites and their applications, in Green Polymer Composites Technology, ed. The HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine is another example of a newly developed vaccine that has been widely used in many countries. J. Cancer 113, 30363046. Res. Nanomedicine 8, 18951898. J. Ind. Teixobactin is capable of eliminating MRSA, and bacteria are believed not to be susceptible to developing resistance to teixobactin, which targets the lipids essential for the maintenance of the bacterial cell wall (Borghesi and Stronati, 2015). This page titled 12.3: Whole Genome Methods and Industrial Applications is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1131372, Walker, T., Johnson, P. H., Moreira, L. A., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Frentiu, F. D., McMeniman, C. J., et al. doi: 10.5897/JEN2015.0145, Figueiredo, T. V. B., Campos, M. I., Sousa, L. S., Silva, J. R., and Druzian, J. I. (2013). Res. Recently, Ling et al. Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. (2016). (2016). Cell Fact. (2014). Single cell proteins, in The Encyclopedia of Food and Health, eds B. Caballero, P. Finglas, and F. Toldr (Oxford: Academic Press), 790794. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000516, Twomey, U., Warrior, P., Kerry, B. R., and Perry, R. N. (2000). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0012-2016, Lee, K. Y., and Mooney, D. J. Analysis of microbial genomes has contributed to the development of new antibiotics, diagnostic tools, vaccines, medical treatments, and environmental cleanup techniques. General bacterial genetics. (2013). doi: 10.1021/ac9805201, Nabel, G. J. Bioresour. The most prominent disease being studied with proteomic approaches is cancer, but this area of study is also being applied to infectious diseases. Bajaj, M., Schmidt, S., and Winter, J. Appl. doi: 10.3934/microbial.2016.1.42, Wadt, N. S. Y., Okamoto, M. K. H., Bach, E. M., and Bach, E. E. (2015). Rev. Their most significant application is in the paper and pulp industry, where they are used as a biobleaching agent, showing clear economic and environmental advantages over chemical alternatives. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.008, Djekrif-Dakhmouche, S., Gheribi-Aoulmi, Z., Meraihi, Z., and Bennamoun, L. (2006). EBioMedicine 10, 312317. 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00155-6. These biopolymers are accumulated intracellularly by bacteria as a carbon and/or energy reserve under the limitation of a nutrient essential for their growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or oxygen (Philip et al., 2007). 19, 627662. Curr. Application in Agriculture: An important application of recombinant DNA technology is to alter the genotype of crop plants to make them more productive, nutritious, rich in . These studies not only provide perspectives for producing more effective vaccines against influenza but also suggest innovative approaches for the generation of live attenuated strains for viral pathogens, which remains a challenge (Bournazos and Ravetch, 2017). J. Sci. Biotechnol. Acta Biomater. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.072, Rasinger, J. D., Marrazza, G., Briganti, F., Scozzafava, A., Mascini, M., and Turner, A. P. F. (2005). In turn, the current trend of using non-Saccharomyces strains, which in the past were considered yeasts of secondary importance or yeasts that produced undesirable changes, has positively impacted the vinification process, given the ability of the strains to produce enzymes, secondary metabolites, glycerol, ethanol, and other compounds that can increase the organoleptic complexity of wines (Padilla et al., 2016). Appl. FASEB J 30, 918. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01066-2. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049, Tag, K., Riedel, K., Bauer, H. J., Hanke, G., Baronian, K. H. R., and Kunze, G. (2007). Afr. (2011). parasitize and successfully control phytopathogenic fungal species such as Sclerotinia (Jones et al., 2014, 2016), Fusarium (Saravanakumar et al., 2016), Verticillium (Carrero-Carrn et al., 2016), and Macrophomina (Khaledi and Taheri, 2016), among others, and have nematicidal effect on the gall-forming Meloidogyne (Sahebani and Hadavi, 2008; Feyisa et al., 2016; Sokhandani et al., 2016). 131, 295300. 26, 87107. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.053, Khl, L., Lukasiewicz, C. E., and van der Heijden, M. G. A. Front. J. Biotechnol. Chapter 4: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology, Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics, Chapter 11: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity, Chapter 13: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses, Chapter 14: Adaptive Specific Host Defenses, Chapter 15: Diseases of the Immune System, Chapter 17: Respiratory System Infections, Chapter 18: Urogenital System Infections, Chapter 20: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections, Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Next: 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. A new biolistic intradermal injector. Polym. Dis. doi: 10.1007/s11947-016-1744-1748, Cano-Garrido, O., Cspedes, M. V., Unzueta, U., Saccardo, P., Roldn, M., Snchez-Chardi, A., et al. (1988). doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.1.4, Huang, C., Guo, H.-J., Xiong, L., Wang, B., Shi, S.-L., Chen, X.-F., et al. Fermented Beverages. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.018, Tayel, A. 56, 2131. This acid is one of the main inhibitors of lignocellulose hydrolysates. Vaccine 29, 48814890. Lett. Nat. (1952). 1, 16056. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.56. Cinc. The siRNA-RISC complex binds to mRNA and cleaves it. for Online Measurement of p-Nitrophenol. Cell Fact. (2016). In addition, the progress achieved by the genetic improvement of this virus has increased its effectiveness as an insecticide (Popham et al., 2016). (2016). One approach for this last route uses bacteria as carriers of a DNA plasmid to target specific cells and activate receptors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Becker et al., 2008). Despite the great leap forward made by biotechnology in the area of microbial biosensor development, many challenges still need to be overcome. The development of that technique, as well as the enhancement of molecular cloning techniques using plasmids as vectors, expanded the possibilities of microorganism manipulation (Simon and Chopin, 1988; Olsen, 2016) and the large-scale production of microbial products, including those from modified microorganisms. Seed coating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an ecotechnological approach for sustainable agricultural production of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Catal. Pediatrics 102, 3. doi: 10.1542/peds.102.3.531, Timur, S., Haghighi, B., Tkac, J., Pazarhoglu, N., Telefoncu, A., and Gorton, L. (2007). (2016). His studies also provided support for the establishment of microbiology as a science, which had as its initial interest the sanitary control of diseases. doi: 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00040-7, Lugtenberg, B., and Kamilova, F. (2009). Trop. 225, 18. 26, 17881799. (1994). Methanogenic Archaea, such as Methanosarcina barkeri, M. frisius, and Methanobacterium formicicum, were also identified in anaerobic digestions (Godon et al., 1997; Satpathy et al., 2016). Stable introduction of a Life-Shortening Wolbachia Infection into the Mosquito Aedes aegypti. 5, 953965. Control. These new genes may be incorporated by recombinant technology into biologically known species, such as E. coli and S. cerevisiae, for the large-scale synthesis of products. For example, approximately 30% of commercially available recombinant proteins are currently produced in prokaryotic systems (Overton, 2014). Immunother. A Dengue Vaccine. doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., Burke, P. A., and Langer, R. (2014). doi: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0091. These are model pesticides, as they are non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, even at very low doses. Microbial biosensors: a review. The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. 6:e1000833. 122, 403409. Alginate biosynthesis factories in Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level. It is almost as old as the civilization itself, although it wasn't called "biotechnology" until the 20th century. Energy Production 4. (2013). (2006). J. Med. Vaccine 24, 367373. Science 219, 632637. The metagenome of a biogas-producing microbial community of a production-scale biogas plant fermenter analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology. Microbiol. 67, 217228. In addition to these types of RNA, cells also produce several types of small noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Synth. Inamuddin (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group), 163176. Aff. (2002). (2004). (2010). Kaylas physician immediately prescribed a full course of the antibiotic doxycycline. Similarly, the centennial microbial synthesis of glycerol was impacted by the inability to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks. Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchez, C., and Monod, J. Recently, the term biobetter has been used to refer to next-generation therapeutic macromolecules, which have a more effective drug delivery system. Stopping superbugs, maintaining the microbiota. Anal. Sci. In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. 89, 123128. By contrast, the products of heterologous proteins obtained from S. cerevisiae comprise hormones (insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon), vaccines (hepatitis B virus surface antigen), and virus-like particles (VLPs) (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). The action of this insecticide is based on the activation of endotoxins (Cry and Cyt) produced naturally by the bacterium B. thuringiensis serotype israelensis (Bti) (Figure 3B). Recombinant (gene) vaccines are prepared from viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses for expression in the host after inoculation. Top. (B) Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue. (2014). (2015). doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5-16, Bejenariu, A., Popa, M., Cerf, D. L., and Picton, L. (2008). Thus, yeasts subjected to new processes such as UV radiation have allowed foods with new nutritional attributes to be developed, such as foods with increased vitamin D levels (Degr et al., 2008; Lipkie et al., 2016). By contrast, females infected with the bacterium will produce the highest number of viable offspring, increasing the number of infected individuals in the population (Figure 3A). Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. 214, 184191. -amylase: ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases) -amylases are usually of plant origin but some micro-organisms also produce. 93, 125130. Additionally, yeasts of the genus Pichia have been added to coffee fermentation to improve the quality and flavor of the beverage because they increase the production of the natural flavoring isoamyl acetate (Saerens and Swiegers, 2016). Thus, biotechnological alternatives have been developed to circumvent the problem of the low rate of discovery of new antibiotic molecules. (2006). The result of this phenomenon is the increase in the number of probiotic foods available on the market, including a rapidly emerging variety of non-dairy probiotic beverages (Enujiugha and Badejo, 2017). A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Selection and characterisation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains for use as probiotics. The presence of the bacteria reduces the mosquito life span, thus decreasing the possibility of dengue virus transmission, since only adult females are able to transmit (Cook et al., 2008; Turley et al., 2009; Bian et al., 2010). Classic methods of studying gene function involved searching for the genes responsible for a given phenotype. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. Rev. Sci. Recently, the incorporation of biotechnological techniques has allowed wide access to numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Technol. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1089216, Xu, L., Zhao, Y., Doherty, L., Hu, Y., and Hao, X. represents microbial cells (primary) grown in mass culture and . The metabolic engineering of molecules from microorganisms has been stimulated mainly by the need for new functional biomaterials in emerging drugs (nanostructured or not) (Vzquez and Villaverde, 2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi: 10.1002/0471238961.herbduke.a01.pub2, Durn, N., and Esposito, E. (2000). J. These microorganisms therefore reduce the need for application of chemical fertilizers in soils (e.g., Abdel-Fattah et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016a,b). doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00165-X, Kuyper, M., Hartog, M. M. P., Toirkens, M. J., Almering, M. J. H., Winkler, A. Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Cell Host Microbe 21, 314315. Protein carriers of conjugate vaccines: characteristics, development, and clinical trials. Biol. 109, 201208. 27, 297306. A liquid bioplastic formulation for film coating of agronomic seeds. However, in a scenario where the cost of propylene increased because its availability decreased, especially in developing countries, glycerol became an important raw material for the production of various chemicals, which made its alternative synthesis by fermentation more attractive (Wang et al., 2001). The application of biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible to obtain a great diversity of biomaterials and biosensors. Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of cabbage by C. minitans and Trichoderma spp. Among the microorganisms that act in the biological control of pests, the most widely disseminated species are the fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Water Res. Microorganisms, therefore, may have two different roles in current food production. Lipases, for example, are used in the treatment of wastewater containing mainly triglycerides (Jamie et al., 2016). Metagenomic approaches associated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques will help to unravel the diversity of natural communities and in biogas fermenters communities (e.g., Schlter et al., 2008). This involves both discovering the regulatory genes and sites that control individual gene expression and determining which genes are coregulated and, thus, likely to participate in the same process. (2008). Exp. 309, 202209. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Microbiol. This expression induces antibody production and immunization. Microbiol. Produo e caracterizao de polihidroxialcanoatos obtidos por fermentao da glicerina bruta residual do biodiesel. 21, 502507. These products and services can be obtained from the expression of transgenes or native microbial genes (P = promoter and R = reporter). Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. 1. FDA Drug Bull. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst in fats and oils modification. Introduction to the use of baculoviruses as biological insecticides, in Baculovirus and Insect Cell Expression Protocols, ed. Biosens. 72, 8549285499. doi: 10.1126/science.2448875, Saitoh, S., Ishida, N., Onishi, T., Tokuhiro, K., Nagamori, E., Kitamoto, K., et al. Polym. A problem commonly encountered in developing countries is the difficulty of implementing public policies to control the spread of parasitic vectors such as those of the genera Aedes and Anopheles. The advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they are safer because the virulence of dead organisms cannot be reversed. BioControl 58, 715722. doi: 10.1534/genetics.109.112144, Bharadwaj, S., Mitchell, R. J., Qureshi, A., and Niazi, J. H. (2017). Biodeter. Over thousands of years, modernization could be predicted for the use of microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages. Research efforts have also been directed at improving the purification of drinking water. Biotechnol. 21, 14931500. Technol. Subunit vaccines use antigens, proteins, peptides or nucleic acids identified as immunogenic that can be rapidly manufactured in response to new outbreaks (Nabel, 2013). This exopolysaccharide is commercially synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, using different carbon sources (Barua et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Velu et al., 2016). Microbial diversity: the tree of life comes of age. B., Whittle, H. C., and Aaby, P. (2016). However, studies have shown that most of the microorganisms isolated from the reactors are still unexplored (e.g., Krause et al., 2008; Figure 2) and may be a source for new products and services in the future. Samuel, D. (1996). The use of recombinant microbial cells has allowed large-scale production of a large number of products of pharmaceutical interest, such as hormones, anticoagulants, high-value proteins, antibodies or antigens, and others. Biotechnol. 10, 150161. Bior. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1112477, Cutts, F. T., Franceschi, S., Goldie, S., Castellsague, X., de Sanjose, S., Garnett, G., et al. Technol. (D) Recombinant vaccines containing viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses. Infect. Polym. doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00249-6, Roden, R., and Wu, T.-C. (2006). doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.026, Bian, G., Xu, Y., Lu, P., Xie, Y., and Xi, Z. Lett. Cytotoxic and antibiotic cyclic pentapeptide from an endophytic Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica. Res. J. Chem. Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. Appl. RNA interference 6. This promotion of growth by endophytic action may be a consequence of nitrogen fixation, synthesis of phytohormones, biocontrol of phytopathogens through the synthesis of antibiotics or siderophores, competition for nutrients, and the induction of systemic disease resistance (Ahmad et al., 2016). Grape-pressings from northern Greece: the earliest wine in the Aegean? 40, 14511463. 4:FUNK-0012-2016. Microbiol. (2007). Utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the biosynthesis of yeast SCP. A recent biotechnological process called biologically active carbon (BAC) has been found to be very efficient in removing water contaminants. (2012). Holloway, B. W. (2014). Industrial applications of microbial lipases. Correspondingly, commercial interest has risen for applications where microbial communities make important contributions. Vaccines of this type are available for tetanus, diphtheria, and anthrax. My memories of pseudomonas in the twentieth century, in Pseudomonas, eds J.-L. Ramos, J. Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. Application to Medicine 3. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. Adv. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.016, Boyer, L. R., Feng, W., Gulbis, N., Hadju, K., Harrison, R. J., Jeffries, P., et al. Bioanal. Nature 523, 208211. The potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control water contamination through bioactive filtration. 1, 1015. Proc. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sacc. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1206059, Losordo, Z., McBride, J., Van Rooyen, J., Wenger, K., Willies, D., Froehlich, A., et al. Opin. 4, 191197. Subsequently, the genes of the other virus are introduced. 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